5A—History of Latin America
Positivism and Progress, 1880-1930
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I. Positivism

- Auguste Comte
- Social Darwinism
- immigration: 2.5 million
- modernization
- Order and Progress

II. War and nation-building

A. War of Triple Alliance, 1865-1870 (Paraguay, Uruguay, Brazil, Argentina)

- Brazil:
Free Birth Law (1871); abolition (1888); Brazilian Republic (1889)

- Argentina:
Julio Roca 1880

B. War of the Pacific, 1879-1884 (Bolivia, Peru, Chile)

C. War of the Thousand Days, 1899-1902 (Colombia)

III. Neocolonialism

A. British (Malvinas islands 1833, 1982) and U.S.

B. Economic aspects

- Mexico: 900 % exports growth 1877-1910
- Brazil: 2/3 world supply of coffee
- Amazonia: rubber
- Cuba: 5 million tons by 1929
- Chile and Peru: nitrates, copper, iron
- Argentina: 1000x more wheat in 1900 as 1876!!
- Bolivia: tin
- Ecuador: cacao
- Central America, Colombia: bananas & coffee
- Venezuela: oil

C. Political aspects

- foreign influence, ie Bolivia, tin, & Simón Patiño's superestado minero

- authoritarian rule + patronage

D. Social aspects

- emulation of Europe
- rural/urban split: Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, Montevideo, Santiago de Chile, Havana, Sao Paolo
- rich/poor split: education, growth of middle class, rural and urban poverty