Liberals and Conservatives
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I. Immediate legacies of independence

-Militarization
-Destroyed infrastructure + debt
-Abolition of slavery (Spanish America) but
-Loss of privileges/protections for Native Americans
-Unifying idea of "Americanos": internal and external (Monroe Doctrine, 1824), but
-Political polarization

II. Liberals vs. Conservatives

A. Conservative consolidation, 1820-1850

caudillos:

-  Juan Manuel de Rosas (Argentina, 1820-1852) 
- Antonio López de Santa Anna (Mexico, 1833-1855)

B. Liberal resurgence, 1850-1870s

- Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (Argentina, 1864-70)

- 1845, The Life of Facundo, or Civilization and Barbarism
- gauchos + 'Indian' wars
- education

- Benito Juárez (Mexico, 1861-72)

- Zapotec from Oaxaca
- War of La Reforma (1857-61)
- private property, secular state
- Maximilian I (Second Mexican Empire), 1864-67

C. Empire of Brazil (1822-89) -- same notes, different tune!

- Conservative Dom Pedro I to 1831
- Liberal regents to 1841
- Moderate Dom Pedro II to 1889
- military coup creates Republic of Brazil

II. Foreign investment (British) and invasion:

Mexico

Spanish naval bombardments (1823, 1829)
Texas independence (1836)
French invasion (1838)
U.S. invasion (1846-48); Manifest Destiny
French invasion (1861-67)

Central America/Caribbean

U.S. filibusters (1830-60); William Walker (1855-57, Nicaragua)
Spanish reoccupation of Dominican Republic (1861-65)
Cuba, Puerto Rico (also Guam and the Philippines) remain Spanish colonies

Andean South America

Spanish invasion of Chincha Islands (1861-63)
guano, nitrates, and the British:

1840s-70s→13 million tons of guano worth ￡150 million or $13b today