Populism and Nationalism, 1910-1954
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I. The Mexican Revolution, 1910-1920

- Porfirio Díaz (1876-1911)
- Pancho Villa (División del Norte) and Emiliano Zapata (d. 1919)
- 1917 Constitution
- 1929, Partido Nacional Revolucionario (precursor to Partido Revolucionario Institucional, PRI)

II. Populism

A. Worldwide/regional developments

- Economic

WWI (1914-17)
Great Depression (1929)
Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) 

- Political

Labor mobilization 
Anarchism/socialism/communism

B. Lázaro Cárdenas (Mexico, 1934-45)

- ejido
- 1938, oil nationalization (PEMEX)

C. Victor Raúl Haya de la Torre (Peru, 1920-1979)

- 1924, founds Alianza Popular Revolucionario Americano (APRA)

D. Jorge Eliécer Gaitán (Colombia, 1928 -1948)

- El País Político vs. El País Nacional 
- April 9, 1948, Gaitán assassinated: The Bogotazo
- 1948-58, La Violencia

E. Juan Perón (Argentina, 1943-1974)

- rise of unions and rightwing paramilitaries
- 1930, 1943 military coups
- Oct. 17, 1945
- Eva (Evita) Perón 
- 1946, Perón elected president; Peronismo, Peronists 
- 1955, overthrown in military coup, goes into exile in Spain

III. Nationalism and Culture

A. Brazil

- Getulio Vargas (1930-45)
- 1937, Estado Novo
- samba
- Gilberto Freyre, The Masters and the Slaves (1933); "racial democracy"
- Carmen Miranda

B. Mexico

- mestizaje/mestizo
- José Vasconselos, "The Cosmic Race"
- muralistas: Diego Rivera
- indigenismo: Frida Kahlo

IV. Pan-Americanism

- Franklin Delano Roosevelt
- 1933-45, Good Neighbor Policy
- 1946, Latin American Ground School (future School of the Americas)
- 1947, ECLA, Natl. Security Council, CIA

V. Transition to the Cold War: Guatemala vs. Puerto Rico

A. Guatemala, 1944-1954

- Juan José Arévalo (1944-50)
- Jacobo Arbenz (1950-54)
- 1952, land reform

United Fruit Company
John Foster Dulles (secretary of state)
Allen Dulles (CIA director)
John Moors Cabot (asst. secretary for Interamerican Affairs)
Ann Whitman (Eisenhower's personal secretary)

- 1952-53, Operations PBFortune and PBSuccess
- June 18-27, 1954, coup overthrows Arbenz

B. Puerto Rico, 1898-1950s

- 1900, Foraker Act; Vieques naval base
- 1910s-20s, Americanization campaign
- 1917, Jones Act
- autonomists vs. unionists vs. nationalists
- Pedro Albizu Campos
- 1933-41, emergency relief aid
- 1941-46, Rexford Tugwell; agrarian reform + Operation Bootstrap
- 1948, Luis Muñoz Marín