HIST174 - History of Mexico
The Mexican Revolution
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Military Phase, 1910-1920

1910 –

- Francisco Madero issues Plan de San Luís Potosí

1911 –

- Díaz resigns and goes into exile
- Madero wins elections to presidency
- Emiliano Zapata issues Plan de Ayala

1913 –

- Madero assassinated
- Victoriano Huerta becomes president
- Two fronts against Huerta:

1914 –

- U.S. invades Veracruz, Huerta resigns
- Convention of Aguascalientes

1915 –

- Battle of Celaya
- Carranza becomes president

1917 –

- Constitution of 1917
- Carranza elected president
- Zimmerman telegram

1918 –

- founding of Confederación Regional Obrera Mexicana (CROM)

1919 –

- fighting in Morelos
- Zapata assassinated

1920 –

- Carranza and Obregón split
- Carranza assassinated
- Obregón elected president


Constructive Phase, 1920-40


I. The Obregón presidency, 1920-24

A. Implementing the revolution:

- Education

José Vasconcelos: the "Cosmic Race"
Manuel Gamio: indigenismo
Diego Rivera + José Clemente Orozco + David Siqueiros: muralistas

- Labor
- Agrarian reform

B. Internal and external challenges

- 1923, Bucareli agreements
- 1923, Villa assassinated - rebellions
- 1924, elections + peaceful transfer of power

II. The Plutarco Elías Calles presidency, 1924-28

- implementation of Constitution
- Cristero rebellion, 1926-1929
- election and assassination of Obregón, 1928

III. The "Maximato," 1929-34

- 1929, Partido Nacional Revolucionario founded
- social programs abandoned
- anti-communism, anti-semitism

III. The Lázaro Cárdenas presidency, 1934-40

- 1936, expulsion of Calles
- agrarian reform; ejidos
- rural education
- 1938, nationalization of oil industry
- PEMEX (Petróleos Mexicanos)
- CROM replaced by CTM (Confederación de Trabajadores de México)
- PRN replaced by PRM (Partido Revolucionario Mexicano):

military, agrarian, labor, popular sectors

- 1939, inflation
- slowdown of agrarian reform
- Manuel Avila Camacho nominated for presidency