Week Eleven
Consolidating the Revolution, 1920-1940
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I. Reconstruction and political consolidation, 1920-34
1. No re-election?
- Obregón 1920-24
- Plutarco Elías Calles 1924-34: The "Maximato"2. Demilitarization
- Pancho Villa assassinated 1923, final rebellions put down
- implementation of 1917 Constitution
- Partido Nacional Revolucionario (PNR) founded 1929
3. Education and "mestizaje"
- José Vasconcelos: rural schools, the "Cosmic Race" (1925)
4. Church-state question
- Calles implements anti-clerical articles of Constitution, 1926
- secular free education
- The Cristero War, 1926-1929
- Obregón elected and assassinated by Cristero militant, 1928
- Calles makes peace w/ U.S. help, 1929
II. The Lázaro Cárdenas presidency, 1934-40
1. Socialism and nationalism
- agrarian reform; ejidos
- socialist education to 1938:national culture: civic festivals, indigenismo
science + technical training
local organizing- muralistas and indigenismo
Manuel Gamio
Frida Kahlo
Diego Rivera
José Clemente Orozco
David Siqueiros- nationalization of oil industry (Petróleos Mexicanos/PEMEX), 1938
2. Political consolidation
- 1936, expulsion of Calles
- 1938, PRN replaced by PRM (Partido Revolucionario Mexicano): labor, military, agrarian, popular representatives
- 1939, Partido de Acción Nacional (PAN) founded
- hand-picked PRM candidate, more conservative, wins 1939 election