Aristotelian Thought (4th C. BC)
              Primacy of God & Perfection of Creation
                  Observation   Understanding
                  Universe & Planetary Motion
                      Ptolemy (2nd C. AD)

        Modern Scientific Inquiry
             Mechanical not Organic Universe
                  Experimentation   Predictable Laws
             Copernicus (1473-1543)
                  Solar Primacy (Protestant Opposition)
             Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
                  Circular vs. Elliptical
             Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
                  Experiment: acceleration; inertia vs. rest
                  Reason vs Faith
             Issac Newton (1642-1727)
                  Gravitation
        Freedom & Complexity Produces Scientific Advances
             Humanism, Protestantism, World Trade