Migration and Immigration
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I. Population Growth and Urbanization, 1950-2000

1950 to today, from 41% to 80% of LA lives in cities

A. Mega-cities and growth of metro areas:

- Mexico City, from 1.6 to 20 million
- São Paolo, from 1.4 to 17+ million
- Lima , from 650,000 to 6.5 million

B. Regional context:

- Lima, 11x larger than Arequipa
- Santiago, 7x larger than Valparaíso
- Buenos Aires, 10x larger than Córdoba

C. Unplanned development:

- favelas (Brazil)
- callampas (Chile)
- colonias (Mexico)
- barriadas (Peru):

1920s, a few
1940s, 5
1955, 39
1959, 154
1970, 237
1984, 782

D. Urban vs. rural poverty

- urban: 34% poor, 13% extremely poor
- rural: 53% poor, 30% extremely poor

Mexican Americans and Immigration in the 20c

I. Legacies of Conquest

- 75K Tejanos, Californios, Nuevomexicanos
- "greasers"
- gente decente, limpieza de sangre
- La Raza

II. Growth + Immigration, 1890-1920

- Porfiriato & Mexican Revolution
- 1908, restrictions on Asian immigration
- 1917-1924, restrictions on Old World immigration
- 1924, national Border Patrol established

III. The Depression and World War II

- 1929-1939, +/- 1.5 million return to Mexico
- 1942, Emergency Farm Labor Program (the Bracero program)

IV. The Cold War

- 1950, Internal Security Act
- 1952, Immigration and Nationality Act
- 1954, Operation Wetback
- 1965, Bracero Program ends

V. The Final Decades (See also this US history of immigration acts and of deportations at the border since )

A. 1965, LBJ's Immigration Act

- abolishes quotas by "national origins"
- but quotas on western hemisphere for first time (120K)
- emphasis on family reunification

B. 1980s-90s, Mexican economy collapses

- 1982 debt default, 'structural adjustment'
- 1984-87, peso:dollar slides from 150:1 to 2300:1
- 1988-94, privatization and NAFTA; Zapatistas

C. 1986, Reagan's Immigration and Reform Control Act

- enforcement + amnesty

D. 1990, GHWBush's Immigration Act

- legalization + family restrictions
- Diversity Visa Lottery further restricts LA and esp. Mexican immigration

E. 1996, Bill Clinton's Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act

- after 180 days, leaving U.S. triggers 3-yr, 10-yr, or permanent bar to reentry
- Congress creates mandatory deportable offenses, suspends habeus corpus

VI. Coda: Recent Trends

- Central America

Guatemala, war 1962-1996

El Salvador, war 1980-1992; L.A. gang members deported 1990s (Rodney King 1992)

Honduras, since 2000

Nicaraguans in Costa Rica