African Latin America
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I. The Iberian slave tradition

- not exclusively African
- urban domestic slaves, artisans; 10-15% of Lisbon pop. in 1630
- African cofradías (e.g., St. Benedict the Moor)
- manumission

II. The African Atlantic slave trade

A. The Plantation Complex

1. Origins: Portuguese sugar plantations, 15c

- Cape Verde
- the Azores

2. Defined by:

- size
- African slave labor
- capitalist agriculture + in L.A., Catholic paternalism
- high mortality rate

B. The Atlantic Slave Trade, 1500-1866

- 10.7+ million, AFTER 15-20% Middle Passage mortality

4.8 million to Brazil (40-50% of total trade)
2.3 million to British Caribbean
1.3 million to Spanish America
1.1 million to the French Caribbean
445K to Dutch colonies
390K to Mainland North America (2-4% of total trade)
109K to Danish colonies

C. Is Latin American slavery different?

- significant free black population

- slave population never self-replicating

- quilombos/palenques: escaped slave societies (cf. here)

III. Social and Cultural Effects of the African Slave Trade

A. Demographic

- from 1500 to mid-19th century, Africans outnumber Europeans 3:1

- in Mexico City and Lima, 'mixed' peoples the majority by mid-1600s

- boom/bust of sugar plantations, e.g.,

Barbados in 1645:

Tobacco
37,000 whites and 5,700 slaves
60% of whites were property owners

Barbados in 1685:

Sugar
17,000 whites and 50,000 slaves
Most property owned by the few

B. Cultural

1. Music: cumbia (Colombia), son (Cuba), lando (Peru), samba (Brazil)

2. Religion: candomblé & umbanda (Brazil), santería/orisha (Cuba), vodou (Haiti)

C. The development of "race"

- limpieza de sangre
- república de indios/de españoles
- castas: mestizos, mulatos
- calidad:

gente decente vs. plebeian
white/casta
Old Christian/New Christian
Legitimate/illegitimate
Pure blood/impure blood
Honorable/infamous
Law-abiding/criminal
Rich/poor
Noble/plebeian
Nonmanual workers/manual workers

- sistema de castas:

1. Español - India = Mestizo
2. Español - Mestiza = Castizo
3. Castizo - Española = Español

4. Español - Negra = Mulata
5. Español - Mulata = Morisco
6. Español - Morisca = Alvino
7. Español - Alvina = Torna atrás

8. Indio - Negra = Lobo
9. Indio - Mestiza/Castiza = Coyote

9. Lobo - Negra = Chino (3/4 Negro, ¼ Indio)
10. Chino - India = Cambujo (5/8 Indio, 3/8 Negro)
11. Indio - Cambujo = Tente en el aire (13/16 Indio, 3/16 Negro)
12. Tente en el aire - Mulata = Alvarasada (13/32 Indio, 11/32 Negro, 8/32 Español)
13. Alvarasado - India = Barsino (45/64 Indio, 11/64 Negro, 8/64 Español)
14. Barsino - India = Campamulata (109/128 Indio, 11/128 Negro, 8/128 Español)