Liberals and Conservatives
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I. Legacies of independence in Spanish America

-Militarization
-Destroyed infrastructure + debt
-Idea of "Americanos"+ political split
-Abolition of slavery
-Loss of privileges, land for Native Americans

II. Spanish American caudillos, 1820-1850

A. Juan Manuel de Rosas (Argentina, 1820-1852)

B. Antonio López de Santa Anna (Mexico, 1833-1855)

- 1836, loss of Texas
- 1848, Mexican-American War

III. Liberal resurgence, 1850-1870s

A. Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (Argentina, 1864-70)

- 1845, The Life of Facundo, or Civilization and Barbarism
- gauchos + 'Indian' wars
- education

B. Benito Juárez (Mexico, 1861-72)

- Zapotec from Oaxaca
- War of La Reforma (1857-61)
- private property + secular state
- Maximilian I (Second Mexican Empire), 1864-67

IV. Empire of Brazil, 1822-89 -- same notes, different tune!

- Conservative Dom Pedro I to 1831
- Liberal regents to 1841
- Moderate Dom Pedro II to 1889
- military coup creates Republic of Brazil