Liberalism's Golden/Gilded Age
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I. Social Darwinism and Positivism

1. Immigration, 2.5 million to region (cf. 15 million to U.S.)

Italy, Spain, Portugal
German, French, British
Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews
Turkey, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria
Chinese, Japanese, South Asians

2. "Order and Progress": authoritarian rule → economic growth → political democracy

II. Economic Modernization/Neocolonialism

- Mexico: 900 % exports growth 1877-1910: sisal, henequen, coffee, sugar, cotton
- Brazil: 2/3 world supply of coffee

War of the Triple Alliance (1865-1870): Paraguay, Uruguay, Brazil, Argentina)
Free Birth Law (1871)
Abolition (1888)
Brazilian Republic (1889)

- Amazonia: rubber
- Cuba: 5 million tons sugar annually by 1929, world's largest producer

Ten Year's War (1868-78); Antonio Maceo, José Martí; Abolition 1886

- Chile and Peru: nitrates, copper, iron

War of the Pacific (1879-1883)

- Argentina: 1000x more wheat in 1900 as 1876

Conquest of the Desert (1872-1896)

- Bolivia: tin; Simón Patiño's superestado minero
- Ecuador: cacao
- Central America, Colombia: bananas & coffee
- Venezuela: oil