Revolution, Populism, Nationalism
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I. U.S. Imperialism in Latin America
A. Spanish-Cuban-American War, 1898
-Feb. 1898, explosion of the Maine
-April-Dec 1898, Spanish-Cuban-American War
-U.S. gets Cuba (to 1902/34/59), Philippines (to 1946), Puerto Rico, Guam, Mariana IslandsB. Gunboat + Dollar Diplomacy, 1898-1933
- Roosevelt Corollary
- 1898-1933, 34 invasions in 9 countriesC. Legacies: increased ties, dictatorship, anti-Americanism
- Cuba
occupied 1898-1934
The Platt Amendment, 1901, reaffirmed 1903; Guantánamo naval base
General Fulgencio Batista, 1934-59- Dominican Republic
occupied 1916-1922
General Rafael Trujillo, 1930-1961- Haiti
occupied 1915-1934
Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier, 1957-71
Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier, 1971-1986- Nicaragua
occupied 1909-1933
Gen. Anastasio Somoza 1933-37
Anastasio Somoza 1937-56
Luis Somoza Debayle 1957-1963
Anastasio Somoza Debayle 1967-1979
Augusto Sandino
- Porfirio Díaz (1876-1911)
- Pancho Villa (División del Norte) and Emiliano Zapata (d. 1919)
- 1917 Constitution
- 1929, Partido Nacional Revolucionario (precursor to Partido Revolucionario Institucional, PRI)
III. Populism
A. Worldwide/regional developments
- Economic
WWI (1914-17)
Great Depression (1929)
Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)
- Political
Labor mobilization
Anarchism/socialism/communism
B. Lázaro Cárdenas (Mexico, 1934-45)
- ejido
- 1938, oil nationalization (PEMEX)C. Victor Raúl Haya de la Torre (Peru, 1920-1979)
- 1924, founds Alianza Popular Revolucionario Americano (APRA)
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D. Jorge Eliécer Gaitán (Colombia, 1928 -1948)
- El País Político vs. El País Nacional
- April 9, 1948, Gaitán assassinated: The Bogotazo
- 1948-58, La Violencia
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E. Juan Perón (Argentina, 1943-1974)
- rise of unions and rightwing paramilitaries
- 1930, 1943 military coups
- Oct. 17, 1945
- Eva (Evita) Perón
- 1946, Perón elected president; Peronismo, Peronists
- 1955, overthrown in military coup, goes into exile in Spain