Independence For Whom, By Whom?
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I. Precursors to Independence

- Bourbon reforms
- Creoles (criollos) vs. peninsulares/gachupines
- Free trade
- Revolts and rebellions

Tupac Amaru in Peru (1780s)

II. External influences in LA Independence

- 1789-99, French and Haitian Revolutions
- 1807, Portuguese royal court to Rio de Janeiro
- 1808, Joseph Bonaparte put on Spanish throne, unseats Bourbons
- 1812, Cortes de Cádiz approves Liberal constitution

royalists vs. liberals

- 1814, Fernando restored, abolishes Liberal constitution
- 1814-1819, Spanish troops in LA
- 1815, Brazil's colonial status erased
- 1820, Riego Revolt, Liberals regain power in Spain; King João returns to Portugal , leaves Dom Pedro
- 1822, Dom Pedro declares Brazil independent
- 1824, Fernando re-abolishes Liberal constitution

III. Spanish American Wars of Independence

A. Mexico

- Miguel Hidalgo
- Grito de Dolores, Sept. 16, 1810
- Virgen de Guadalupe
- Guanajuato
- José María Morelos
- Agustín Iturbide, 1821

B. New Granada

- Simón Bolívar
- José Tomás Boves and the llaneros, 1813-1814
- Gran Colombia ( Venezuela , Colombia , Ecuador)
- 1819, Congress of Angostura
- 1824, Peru liberated
- 1825, Bolivia established
- 1830, Ecuador and Venezuela secede from Gran Colombia

IV. Legacies of Independence

- Colonial continuities
- Militarization
- Political confusion
- Economic effects