Nation-Building in the 19th Century
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I. Liberals and Conservatives

II. Caudillos, 1820-1850

A. Juan Manuel de Rosas (Argentina, 1820-1852)

- pampas
- Unitarians
- 1848, Camila O'Gorman+Ladislao Gutierrez

B. Antonio López de Santa Anna (Mexico, 1833-1855)

- 1836, loss of Texas
- 1848, Mexican-American War

III. The Liberal Resurgence, 1850-1880

A. Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (Argentina, 1864-70)

- 1845, The Life of Facundo, or Civilization and Barbarism

- Indian wars
- "gobernar es poblar"
- education

B. Benito Juárez (Mexico, 1861-64, 1867-72)

- Zapotec from Oaxaca
- La Reforma
- Maximilian (1862-65)

IV. Mid-19c War and Nation-building

A. War of Triple Alliance, 1865-1870 (Paraguay, Uruguay, Brazil, Argentina)

- Brazil

Free Birth Law (1871)
Abolition (1888)
Brazilian Republic (1889)

- Argentina

Julio Roca (1880)

B. War of the Pacific, 1879-1884 (Bolivia, Peru, Chile)

Positivists and Progress, 1880-1930

I. Positivism

- Auguste Comte
- social Darwinism
- immigration: 2.5 million

II. Neocolonialism

A. British (Malvinas islands 1833, 1982) and U.S.
B. Economic aspects

- Mexico: 900 % exports growth 1877-1910
- Brazil: 2/3 world supply of coffee
- Amazonia: rubber
- Cuba: 5 million tons by 1929
- Chile and Peru: nitrates, copper, iron
- Argentina: 1000x more wheat in 1900 as 1876!!
- Bolivia: tin
- Ecuador: cacao
- Central America, Colombia: bananas & coffee
- Venezuela: oil

C. Political aspects

- foreign influence, ie Bolivia, tin, & Simón Patiño's superestado minero
- economic modernization: "Order and Progress"
- authoritarian rule + patronage

D. Social aspects

- emulation of Europe