African Latin America
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I. The Iberian slave tradition

- not exclusively African
- urban domestic slaves, artisans; 10-15% of Lisbon pop. in 1630
- African cofradías (e.g., St. Benedict the Moor)
- manumission

II. The beginnings of the African Atlantic slave trade

A. Spanish America, +/- 150,000 slaves before 1600

Lima, Peru: 1550s, 3k slaves; 1650s, 100k (10-15% of pop.)
Mexico City: 1550s, 20k slaves; 1650s, 35k slaves + 100k free blacks

B. Brazil, few Africans sent directly until after Ndongo wars (Angola) in 1580s

III. The Plantation Complex

A. Origins: Portuguese sugar plantations, 15c

- Cape Verde
- the Azores

B. Defined by:

- size
- African slave labor
- capitalist agriculture + feudal relations
- high mortality rate

C. The Atlantic Slave Trade, 1500-1866

- 10+ million, AFTER 15-20% mortality during Middle Passage

5.1 million to Brazil (40-50% of total trade)
2-2.7 million to British Caribbean
900K-1.5 million to Spanish America
1.1 million to the French Caribbean
325-475K million to Dutch colonies
250-400K to British North America (2-4% of total trade)
60-100K to Danish colonies

D. The Plantation Regime

- Brazil: smaller plantations

Enghenos
Lavradores de cana
Free blacks = 50% of pop. in northeast

- St. Domingue: The Black Code (1685)

Mortality rate 50% in first 8 yrs
30%+ of world's sugar supply in 1780s

- Resistance

Suicide/poison plots
Escape: marronage (maroons)

Mexico , Cuba , Colombia : palenques
Brazil : quilombos or macombos
Venezuela : cumbe

IV. Cultural and Social Effects of the African Slave Trade

A. Demographic effects

- Barbados in 1645:

Tobacco
37,000 whites and 5,700 slaves
60% of whites were property owners

- Barbados in 1685:

Sugar
17,000 whites and 50,000 slaves
Most property owned by the few

- Jamaica 1730s-80s: 10:1 ratio black/white

- St. Domingue 1780s: 460,000 slaves

- Cuba mid-19c: 40%+ of world sugar

B. Religious and cultural effects

- Music

cumbia (Colombia)
son (Cuba)
lando (Peru)
samba (Brazil)

- Religion

candomblé & umbanda (Brazil)
santería/orisha (Cuba)
vodou (Haiti)