HIST174 – History of Mexico
Colonial Culture and Society
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The 'Spiritual Conquest'

I. From Santiago Matamoros to Mataindios:

- reconquista/reconquest
- 1391, massacres of Jews
- 1469, marriage of Catholic kings
- 1478, Inquisition authorized to seek out conversos
- 1492, defeat of Muslim Granada, expulsion of Jews
- 1499, conversion or expulsion of Muslims

 

II. The “Golden Age” of the Indian Church in Mexico, 1520s-1560s:

A. Regular vs. secular clergy

- mendicant orders/friars
- doctrina = rural parish
- Franciscans, 1524 (The Twelve)
- Dominicans, 1526,
- Augustinians, 1533

B. Methods of conversion

- destruction of temples and native books
- construction of churches
- translation and composition of Christian works in Nahuatl
- education of nobility's children:

Colegio de Santa Cruz Tlatelolco, 1536-1580s
Martín de la Cruz, Libellus de medicinalibus indorum herbis
Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca

III. The End of an Era: 1580s

- demographic collapse (1575-77)
- idolatry trials

IV. The Church as Institution

Foundation plan of Mendoza, Argentina, 1561

Antonio Ramirez, Cathedral of Santiago de Guatemala, 1678

Ramirez close-up of cathedral being built

- traza
- Inquisition
- charitable institutions
- convents
- life events (baptism, marriage, colegios)
- fiestas (patron saints, holy days, autos de fe)
- pilgrimages (Tepeyac)
- cofradias

Africans in New Spain

I. Waves of migration

- 1441-1518, Upper Guinea

Juan Garrido

- 1518-1580s, West African Gold Coast (Senegambia, Guinea-Bissau)
- 1580s-1690s, West-Central Africa (Angola, Congo)

1580-1640, unification of Spain and Portugal = heaviest traffic in slaving

- criollo(s)/ladino(s) vs. bozal(es)

II. Urban/Domestic vs. Plantation Slavery

- 16c-17c, concentration in cities + mining/factories
- 18c, shifts to sugar plantations in Gulf Coast, Morelos, Michoacan

III. Africans and the Castas

- limpieza de sangre
- república de indios/de españoles
- castas: mestizos, mulattos
- calidad:

gente decente vs. plebe white/casta Old Christian/New Christian Legitimate/illegitimate Pure blood/impure blood Honorable/infamous Law-abiding/criminal Rich/poor Noble/plebeian Nonmanual workers/manual workers

1. Español – India = Mestizo 2. Español – Mestiza = Castizo 3. Castizo – Española = Español 4. Español – Negra = Mulata 5. Español – Mulata = Morisco 6. Español – Morisca = Alvino 7. Español – Alvina = Torna atrás 8. Indio – Negra = Lobo 9. Lobo – Negra = Chino (3/4 Negro, ¼ Indio ) 10. Chino – India = Cambujo (5/8 Indio , 3/8 Negro) 11. Indio – Cambujo = Tente en el aire (13/16 Indio , 3/16 Negro) 12. Tente en el aire – Mulata = Alvarasada (13/32 Indio , 11/32 Negro, 8/332 Español) 13. Alvarasado – India = Barsino (45/64 Indio , 11/64 Negro, 8/64 Español) 14. Barsino – India = Campamulata (109/128 Indio , 11/128 Negro, 8/128 Español) 15. Indio – Mestiza = Coyote