Week Fifteen
Mexico in Between
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Immigration

A. Three Eras of Mexican Deportation from U.S.

1. 1929-1939, +/- 1 million return to Mexico

2. post WWII:

1942, Emergency Farm Labor (Bracero) Program 
1950, Internal Security Act
1952, Immigration and Nationality Act
1954, Operation Wetback
1965, ends Bracero program; LBJ Immigration Act

1965-86, 46K contract workers
1.3m legal Mex. immigrants
28m undocumented immigrants

3. 2000s:

1986, Reagan's Immigration & Reform Control Act
1990, GHW Bush's Immigration Act
1996, Clinton's Illegal Immigration Reform & Immigrant
        Responsibility Act
2005-07,

+/- 1 m. Mexicans/yr detained (c. 88% of total)
+/- 200k/yr Mexicans deported (65% of total)

2009-18, competing "Deporters in Chief"

B. Mexico between the U.S. and Everyone Else, especially:

- Central America

El Salvador, war 1980-1992; L.A. gang members deported 1990s
Guatemala, war 1962-1997 Honduras, since 2000 (coup 2011)
Nicaragua, war 1974-1988 (Sandinista Revolution 1979), Ortega dictatorship since 2017

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Organized Crime

A. The Drug Wars and Corruption

- Mexico: opium/heroin and marijuana to 1970s
- cocaine via Colombian connections 1980s w/ CIA links:

Felix Rodríguez (Cuban-American)
Juan Matta (Honduras)
Manuel Noriega (Panama)
Raúl Salinas, Mexican police

- 'cliques' become cartels:

Guadalajara, Sinaloa, Juárez, Gulf
Gulf recruits Zetas 2003
Zetas break from Gulf cartel 2007
Zetas move into Central America 2008
Cartel Jalisco Nueva Generación 2010s

- extorsion, human trafficking, forcing/hiring immigrants to carry drugs
- (failed) attempts to halt arms trafficking
- entry of pharmaceutical opioids, black tar heroin