Condemnations of 1210, 1270 & 1277
1210 Writings of Aristotle on natural philosophy and commentaries on his writings. Paris. Penalty: excommunication. Restricted to Paris Arts faculty.
Results: modest effects only.
1270 Bishop of Paris Etienne Tempier some teachings of Aristotle and Averroes:
- One intellect for all
- After death soul not affected by corporeal fire
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-God can not make something to become immortal and incorruptible
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-No divine knowledge of particulars
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-God knows only Himself
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-Human actions are not under the control of divine providence
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-the eternity of the human species, scil. no first human being
Excommunication; doctrine of double truth
1277 Pope John XXI commissioned Tempier to investigate
219 propositions condemned. For a selected list, see
http://faculty.fordham.edu/klima/Blackwell-proofs/MP_C22.pdf
For further information, see
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/condemnation/
Collectio errorum in anglia et parisius condempnatorum (Parisian Articles)
1277 Tempier at Paris; 1277 Kilwardby at Oxford
1276 inquisitor Simon du Val:
Siger of Brabant, Goswin of Chapelle, Bernier of Nivelles at
Liege.
SEP (Hans Thijssen):
“A very helpful summary of the condemned propositions has been provided by John F. Wippel. The first seven of the philosophical propositions bear on the nature and excellence of philosophy. Propositions 8 through 12 (in the numbering of Mandonnet) have a bearing on the knowability and nature of God. Propositions 13–15 concern divine knowledge, and 16 through 26 divine omnipotence. Many of the articles, notably 34–61 regard the separate intelligences (angels). Another interesting group of articles is 67–69. By condemning these articles, Tempier endorsed God's absolute power to do whatever he wills. Other interesting themes that are touched in the philosophical articles are the world's eternity (80 through 89), the unicity of the human intellect and its implications (117 through 133), and human freedom and free will (151 through 166). Among the theological articles, themes that appear are theology as a science (180–186), the doctrine of the Eucharist (196–199), Christian morality (202–205), and human immortality and reward and punishment in the life to come (213–219). It should be emphasized that Tempier's theses express positions that cannot be maintained in light of revealed truth; for this reason, each is followed by the qualification, “error”.”
“The so-called theory of double truth has been the source of much confusion. Nowadays, scholars agree that there were no medieval authors who entertained the philosophically absurd theory that two contradictory propositions – one derived from philosophical investigation, the other from Christian revelation--can both be true at the same time. Rather, Tempier's reproach should be taken as an attempt to ridicule the hermeneutical practice of commentators to evaluate a doctrine (for instance's Aristotle's) from a philosophical point of view (“philosophically speaking”) and from faith. In reality, however, medieval scholars generally supposed that in cases of conflict between reason and faith, the truth was always on the side of the faith.”
Giles of Rome, follower of Aquinas, was investigated and censured for 51 propositions in 1277.
A similar process was begun against Aquinas (d.1274).
“According to Robert Wielockx, the inquiry against Thomas Aquinas was never completed. Basing his conclusions on evidence provided in a letter by John Pecham, Wielockx claimed that during the vacancy of the Apostolic See, sometime between May 20 and November 25, 1277, Tempier received orders from the curia to stop his investigation.
Wielockx's thesis of a separate process against Thomas Aquinas has been generally accepted in the scholarly literature. However, recently the historical evidence has been reexamined and his interpretation been questioned by John Wippel and Hans Thijssen, the latter in the context of a substantially revised account of the juridical procedures against Giles of Rome.” SEP
Albert the Great (d. 1280)
SEP (Markus Fürhrer): https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/albert-great/
John Duns Scotus (d. 1308) Franciscan
SEP: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/duns-scotus/
William of Ockham (d. 1347) Franciscan
SEP: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ockham/
