Germany
    Bismark & Realpolitik
          German Empire (January 1871)
     Reichstag

France
     Franco-Prussian War
          Battle of Sedan (March 1870)
               Napoleon III captured
         Second Empire Expires (1871)
         Third Republic Established
              Paris Commune (March 28, 1871)
                   "Bloody Week" (May 1871)

Russia
     Crimean War (1852-56)
          France, England, Sardinia, Russia
          Treaty of Paris;  Russia turns eastward
     Peasant Uprisings;  Serfs freed (1861)
     Alexander II modernizes politics, etc.
          Assassinated (1881)
     Anarchists
          Mikhail Bakunin & Peter Kropotkin

United States
     Mexican War (1848)
     Emancipation Proclamation (1863)
          Cotton, Industry, Free States, and Southern "nationalism"