Emigration
    Overpopulation (1800-1900)
          60 million emigrants
     Irish, English & potato famine;  Italians, Germans, Greeks; Asians
          North American population: 1800 (6 million);  1900 (81 million)
               Demographics:  young sojouners

World Trade
     1800 - 1900;  World trade increases 25-fold
         Colonies counter tariffs
           Steamships (paddlewheels replaced by propellers (1850s) and steel hulls (1860s)
               Trans-Atlantic steamships (1838)
           Trans-U.S. Railroad, 1869; Canals (Suez, 1869) and Panama, 1914)
                Economically transport of bulk commodities
           Telegraph

World Systems Theory
     Dependency; Core/Periphery; 1st vs 3rd Worlds
          Per-capita discrepancy (1750-       )

Colonialism
     Markets, Social Darwinism, Nationalism
         Great Britain & India (1848, 1861)
               Infrastructural investment & Economy
          Depression of 1873 (-1896)
         Africa
               Leopold II and the International African Association (1876)
               Belgian Congo (Henry Stanley, 1876)
               Great Britain & Egypt (1882)
               France & Germany vs. Great Britain
               Berlin Conference (1884)
                    "Effective Occupation"
               Brussels Convention (1890)
                    Khartoum (1885)
                    Machine Gun & Omdurman (1898)
               Boer War (1899-1902)
               Ethopia & Liberia
         Asia
              China, Tea, Silver, and the Opium Wars (1840, 1860)
                    Economic Imperialism
               Opening of Japan
                    Commodore Perry (1853)
                    Meiji Restoration (1868)
                    Russo-Japanese War (1905)
                United States & Philippines (1898)